The international phonetic alphabet
Vowels:
Consonants:
| bilabial | labio- dental |
dental | alveolar | post- alveolar |
retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | pharyngeal | glottal | |||
| Plosive | p b | t d | ʈ ɖ | c Ɉ | k g | q ɢ | ʔ | ||||||
| Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h ɦ | ||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ ɮ | ||||||||||||
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ | |||||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ||||||||
| Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | ||||||||||
| Tap or Flap | ɾ | ɽ | |||||||||||
Where symbols appaer in pairs,
the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
Shaded areas denote articulations
judged impossible.
| Phonetics: | |||
| english | french | german | spanish |